12. Hagel et al, Pull (4 Nov 2010)

Articulates a theory for individual and enterprise participation in 21st-century knowledge development, to elaborate practices for personal excellence and sustainable competitive advantage. The predominant 20th-century paradigm, in which firms and governments controlled ‘stocks’ of information based on demand forecasting, resource allocation, and mastery of the experience curve, suffered from diminishing returns. The proposed model – here presented as an ugly rococo diagram – advocates collaborating with emerging experts ‘at the edge’; by attracting these experts to one’s endeavors; and by importing the fruits into the enterprise. The individual and the firm must clearly identify its aims (‘trajectory’) in order to benefit from participation. Building on the trio’s 2009 Shift Index of information technology, it is still a bit utopian and the theory lacks a governor / metric for evaluating effectiveness and also opportunity costs – especially dead ends. Even if influential, it is not clear enough to be the last word.