Studies Restoration and Georgian views of upper-class education, finding the debate between advocates of private tutoring and nascent public schooling encapsulated its main goals: individual virtue, public service, scholarly and worldly knowledge, and sociability (good breeding). Of these, virtue was most valued. The Middle Ages had looked to nobles and gentry for military service; in the Renaissance (i.e., the Tudor era), statesmanship came to the fore. Though the Puritans had unsuccessfully attempted to introduce vocational training and the Reformation retreated toward the old tradition of indifference – pedantry was to be feared – upper-class men in the 18th century nonetheless relied on education to buttress their forming the social elite. Patriotic content was expected: history, government, law, political thought running along English lines. Much of the monograph is given to contemporary exposition, notably from Locke and 4th Earl of Chesterfield as well as clergy and schoolmasters. Contemporaries address the nature and extent of English ignorance, comparison with the continent, the value of the grand tour, and so on. Tutors remained most fashionable though the advantage of schools competition with peers was beginning to surface.